Cáncer de tiroides pediátrico: serie de casos / Retrospective review of pediatric patients with thyroid cancer

Background: In childhood, thyroid cancer is uncommon and has a different biological behaviour than in adults. Aim: To analyze the surgical experience in thyroid cancer in children. Material and Methods: Review of medical records of patients aged 15 years or less with a thyroid cancer, operated in a Regional hospital between 1980 and 2007. Results: Six females and 2 males, aged 9 to 15 years, were operated in the study period. Five had a family history of thyroid diseases. Four had involvement of cervical lymph nodes at the moment of operation but none had systemic dissemination. All were euthyroid. A total thyroidectomy was performed in four patients. Cervical lymph node dissection was also performed in four patients. No immediate complications were recorded. One patient had a local relapse. Five patients were also treated with radioiodine. At the end of the follow up ranging from 108 to 320 months, all patients are asymptomatic. The pathological study disclosed a papillary carcinoma in seven and medullary carcinoma in one patient. Conclusions: Thyroid cancer in childhood has low mortality rates and surgical treatment is safe and effective.

El cáncer de tiroides en edad pediátrica es extremadamente infrecuente y tiene un comportamiento biológico diferente al adulto. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la experiencia quirúrgica local en los últimos 27 años. Estudio de serie de casos describiendo las características anatomoclínicas, quirúrgicas, resultados del tratamiento y condición actual de los pacientes analizados mediante estadística descriptiva, realizando curva de sobrevida con método de Kaplan-Meier. Se intervinieron quirúrgicamente 8 pacientes por cáncer tiroideo, 6 del sexo femenino y 2 del masculino, con edad promedio de 13 años (9 a 15 años). Cinco tenían antecedentes familiares de patología tiroidea. Cuatro presentaron al momento del diagnóstico linfoadenopatías metastáticas cervicales, ninguno evidenció diseminación sistémica. Todos presentaban estado eutiroideo. El diagnóstico histopatológico concluyó carcinoma papilar en 7 casos y medular en 1. Se realizó tiroidectomía total en 4 pacientes. En 4 se practicó linfadenectomía cervical. No hubo complicaciones postoperatorias inmediatas. En 5 se complementó con radioyodoterapia. Una paciente desarrolló recidiva regional. Al término del estudio 7 llevan vida normal. Una paciente con carcinoma medular esporádico falleció siete años después de la cirugía, a causa de metástasis pulmonares y hepáticas. El seguimiento promedio de los cánceres papilares fue de 165 meses (108 a 320 meses). El cáncer de tiroides en edad pediátrica se asocia a una supervivencia prolongada, incluso en etapas avanzadas. La extensión de cirugía en los carcinomas papilares debe considerar factores pronósticos como tamaño y extensión del tumor primario, presencia o ausencia de metástasis y ciertamente, experiencia y buen juicio del equipo quirúrgico.

Prognostic influence of clinical and pathological factors in medullary thyroid carcinoma: a study of 53 cases

OBJECTIVES AND INTRODUCTION: Medullary thyroid carcinoma, a neoplasia of intermediate prognosis and differentiation, does not always respond predictably to known treatments. This study aimed to correlate the clinical progression of surgically treated patients with clinical and pathological data. METHODS: A total of 53 patients were followed for 75 months (mean average) in tertiary-care hospital. The clinical status of patients at the end of the study period was characterized to determine correlations with a range of disease aspects. A value of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Twenty-two patients (41.5 percent) were alive and disease-free at the end of the follow-up period; twenty-three patients (43.4 percent) had persistent disease; and eight patients (15.1 percent) had recurrent disease. Four patients (7.6 percent) died from medullary thyroid carcinoma with clinical and/or imaging evidence of neoplasia. The following aspects demonstrated statistically significant correlations with the final medical condition: positive initial cervical examination (p = 0.002); neoplastic extensions to the thyroid capsule (p = 0.004) and adjacent tissues (p = 0.034); cervical lymph node metastases (p < 0.001); diameter of neoplasia (p = 0.018); TNM (tumor, node and metastasis) Stage (p = 0.001) and evidence of distant and/or cervical diseases in the absence of a cure (p = 0.011). Through logistic regression, the presence of cervical lymph node metastases was considered an independent variable (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Clinical and pathological aspects of patients with surgically treated medullary thyroid carcinomas are predictors of disease progression. Specifically, even treated cervical lymph node metastases are significantly correlated with disease progression.